清风出袖
高级会员
英汉机器翻译测试大纲
⒈ 英语词汇
⒉ 英语词组
⒊ 英语词法分析
⒋ 英语简单句
⒌ 英语复合句
⒍ 英语句法歧义与语义分析
⒎ 汉语生成
⒏ 英汉机译中的若干难点
⒐ 长句的翻译
1?? 英语词汇
11? 最常用词汇
111 最常用名词
He is a doctor .
112 最常用动词
Come and see me .
113 最常用形容词
This is a good book .
114 最常用副词
It is not very hot today .
115 最常用数词
School begins at nine .
12? 常用词汇
121 常用名词
Mary goes to college .
122 常用动词
I wish you to take me there .
123 常用形容词
You're welcome .
124 常用副词
He completely forgot it .
125 常用数词
I received a third of an apple .
13? 次常用词汇
131 次常用名词
I have seen a zebra in the zoo .
132 次常用动词
He wrapped the box carefully .
133 次常用形容词
It is wrong to tell a lie .
2?? 英语词组
21? 由相邻单词构成的普通词组
211 动词词组(例：catch up)
He walked fast to catch up the train .
212 介词词组(例：in advance)
He paid the rent in advance .
213 短语连词(例：as if, in order that )
He talked so much as if he were the teacher .
214 名词性词组(a lot of, a series of, a few, a little )
He has a lot of story-books .
215 副词性词组(all day long, all the time)
He worked all day long .
216 其它
22? 分离词组
221 插进了其它成分的词组
The teacher compared Shelly with Keats .
They did this only for friendship's sake .
222 动宾结构（Ｖ+Ｎ）的词组中间插入修饰Ｎ的形容词或形容词性物主代词。
They take an active part in scientific experiment .
223 通常为动介结构（Ｖ+Ｐ）的普通词组，中间插入修饰V的副词。
They will depend more on their parents .
224 动介结构的词组中插入与主语呼应的反身代词
We must never divorce ourselves from the masses .
225 联合连词( both...and, neither...nor, not only...but (also) 等)
Neither he nor I can sing well .
23? 词组中套词组
231 在动介结构的词组中插入了副词性词组
I have looked all round for the missing book .
3?? 英语词法分析
31? 名词的复数形式
311 规则变化的名词, 加ｓ或 es
There are three books on the desk .
The ox has four stomaches .
312 词尾为ｆ或 fe 的名词, 一般变为ves, 也有少数词尾为 f 的只加ｓ
They saw many cliffs on the Huang Shan Mountains .
313 词尾为ｙ的, 变ｙ为ｉ再加es
The boy caught five flies in the room .
314 词尾为ｏ的, 一般加es, 也有的只加ｓ
There are four mosquitoes flying in the mosquito curtain .
There are four cuckoos in the zoo .
315 单复数形式相同的名词
There is a pair of trousers in the case .
316 只有复数形式的名词
This is a means to an end .
317 不规则变化的复数形式
There are twelve oxen by the stream .
Do you know the names of the two men over there ?
There are nine asylums in the city .
318 复合名词的复数形式, 有的变前一个名词, 有的变后一个, 有的两者都变
There are nine women leaders in the factory .
All of his son-in-laws are businessmen .
32? 名词与代词的格
321 单数名词和不以ｓ结尾的复数名词加 's 构成所有格
My uncle's guitar is new .
322 以ｓ结尾的复数名词加 ' 构成所有格
The students' dorms are very clean .
323 合成名词只在最后一个词上加 's 表示所有格
This is my sister-in-law's bag .
324 名词所有格的特殊用法
This is a book of Mr. Richard's .
I met him at the barber's .
Yesterday he went to his uncle's .
325 人称代词的主格与宾格及反身代词
They are students .
I gave them some cakes .
They themselves went there .
326 形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词。有些形容词性物主代词是不应该译出来的。
This is your book .
The book is yours .
33? 形容词的比较级与最高级
331 词尾加er的形容词的比较级形式
This pool is deeper than that one .
332 多音节形容词前加 more 形成比较级 ，也有少数单音节形容词前加 more 形成比较级
This book is more expensive than that one .
I am glad to see you , he will be more glad to see you .
333 不规则变化的形容词比较级
He drinks less beer than before .
334 less+形容词，形成形容词比较级
This textbook is less difficult than that one .
335 单音节形容词最高级形式
She is the weakest of the three sisters .
336 多音节形容词前加 most 形成最高级
His plan is the most practical of all .
337 不规则变化的形容词最高级
He is the eldest of the five brothers .
338 least 表示与 most 相反的意义
Young people are the least conservative .
339 形容词比较级的特殊用法
The city is becoming more and more prosperous .
The harder you work , the more achievements you will gain .
34? 副词的比较级与最高级
341 词尾加 er 的副词比较级
This troop marched quicker than that one .
342 副词前加 more 的比较级形式
She was received more warmly than she had expected .
343 不规则变化的副词比较级
He plays table tennis better than I .
344 词尾加 est 的副词最高级
They all came early , but she came earliest of all .
345 副词前加 most 的最高级形式
Among the three soldiers he fought most bravely .
346 不规则变化的副词最高级
We like the third poem best of all .
35? 动词的不规则变化
351 动词的原形、过去式与过去分词三种形式完全相同
He often puts his hands in his pockets .
He put his bag on the table yesterday .
The bag was put on the table .
352 动词的原形与过去分词相同
The horse runs fast .
I have run to here .
353 动词的过去式与过去分词相同
The boy spelt his name correctly .
I have spelt my name .
He left here for Beijing .
He has just left .
354 动词的三种形式完全不相同
He was chosen as a deputy to the National People's Congress .
The road is frozen hard .
Cameras are forbidden .
He drank a glass of milk this morning .
She stole a purse .
The sun sank in the west .
36? 动词不定式
361 动词不定式（短语）在句中作主语
To accomplish this task is my duty .
362 动词不定式（短语）在句中作表语
Our purpose in life is to serve the people .
363 动词不定式在句中作宾语或双宾语动词的直接宾语
I prefer to start early .
They requested him to be present at the opening ceremony .
364 动词不定式与疑问代词、疑问副词、否定词构成的短语在句中作宾语或主语，作
为动词不定式的宾语的疑问代词要移到前面
They know what to do .
He told me not to wait for him .
365 动词不定式在句中作定语
This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience .
366 动词不定式在句中作状语
We are building many petro-chemical works to make full use of petroleum .
They ran over to welcome the delegates.
To be a teacher, one must first be their pupil.
367 动词不定式在句中作复合宾语的宾语补足语(某些动词要省掉to) 或表语补足语
Will you help me to wash clothes ?
He helps me wash clothes .
The plan is difficult to describe .
368 "too + 形容词/副词 + to 不定式”的语义及翻译
The water is too hot to drink .
369 动词不定式的被动态与不同时态
The first thing to be done is to carry away the earth .
He pretended not to have seen me .
37? 动词的现在分词
371 现在分词在句中作定语，放在它所修饰的名词之前
He told us an exciting story .
372 现在分词短语作定语，放在它所修饰的名词之后
Factories producing such goods were then mostly in the hands of capitalists .
373 现在分词作表语
The situation is encouraging .
374 现在分词作复合宾语中的宾语补足语
I often heard him singing this song .
375 现在分词（或短语）在句中作状语，表示时间、结果、原因、条件、目的等，起到
了一个句子或从句的作用
He rode away whistling .
Opening the drawer he took out a revolver .
She went out, slamming the door .
376 现在分词的完成式与被动语态
Having repaired the apparatus , he went to our laboratory .
Being invited to the party, he couldn't very well refuse .
Having been repaired, the clock began to work well .
38? 动名词
381 动名词或动名词短语在句中作主语
Increasing the length of wire increases its resistance .
382 动名词或动名词短语在句中作宾语，包括作介词的宾语
He likes swimming .
He hates going to the dancing party .
383 动名词或动名词短语在句中作表语
Our production task is making machines .
384 动名词作定语
These articles may be used as reading materials .
His working method is correct .
385 动名词的复合结构(物主代词或名词所有格 + 动名词短语)在句中作主语、宾语、介词宾语或表语
She was very happy about his coming to see her .
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.
386 动名词的完成式与被动语态
He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper .
He denied having been there .
They are respected for having worked wonders in scientific research .
I remember having been taken to the zoo by my father .
39? 过去分词
391 过去分词作定语，放在它所修饰的名词之前
This is a well-written book .
392 过去分词短语作定语，放在它所修饰的名词之后
I hate to see letters written in pencil .
393 过去分词(或短语)在句中作表语
He seemed quite delighted at the news .
394 过去分词作复合宾语中的宾语补足语
He was glad to see these machines carefully assembled .
395 过去分词在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、方式等, 起到了一个句子或从句的作用
Given enough time , we can do it well too .
4?? 简单句
41? 陈述句基本句型
411 主语 + 联系动词 (to be, to become, to look, to seem 及它们的变形) + 表语
They became heroes .
412 主语 + 不及物动词 + 状语 (roar, roars, ...)
The lion roars loudly .
413 主语 + 及物动词或词组 + 宾语 (have, has, like, likes, ...)
I can spell this word .
414 主语 + 双宾语动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 (或 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语)
Mary teaches him English .
The girl gave a pen to me .
415 主语 + 及物动词 + 复合宾语(其中补语为名词, 形容词, 动词不定式, 现在分词)
This force keeps the body moving .
416 存在句 ( There + be + ...... )
There is a dictionary on your bed .
417 主语 + 联系动词 + 形容词 + 补语
The plan is difficult to describe .
418 主语 + 动词 + 数量短语
They waited for two hours .
42? 陈述句的时态表示
421 一般过去时
He sold his new jacket three weeks ago .
422 一般将来时的各种表示法 (shall, will, be going to do 及现在进行时态表示将来时）
I shall go now .
It will be good weather tomorrow .
I am going to answer these questions right now .
I am going home .
423 现在进行时
She is singing a song .
424 过去进行时
She was having supper, when I went to the room .
425 将来进行时
I shall be working when you come .
He will be taking his exam next week .
426 现在完成时
She has lived here for three years .
427 过去完成时
When I arrived, Ann had just left .
428 将来完成时和现在完成进行时
I have been working before you come .
429 主句与从句中的时态呼应
He said that he would come tomorrow .
43? 陈述句的被动语态
431 一般体（现在、过去、将来）的被动语态
The building was completed last year .
432 进行体（现在、过去）的被动语态
The building is being built .
433 完成体（现在、过去、将来）的被动语态
The work has been finished .
434 用“by + 宾语”表示动作执行者
He was criticized by his mother .
435 含有复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时, 复合宾语的逻辑主语变成被动句的主语
He was finally forced to leave his motherland .
436 双宾语句变成被动结构, 直接宾语或间接宾语都可以成为被动句的主语, 而另一个仍为宾语
We are given heat and light by the sun .
437 动词短语(动词+介词, 动词+副词, 动词+副词+介词, 动词+名词+介词)的被动语态
The land was separated into small fields .
This idea was put forward by him .
Pollution should be done away with .
44? 疑问句
441 谓语为“系动词 + 表语”的问句形式
Did they become heroes ?
442 谓语动词为 have 的两种不同问句形式，对翻译有重要的提示作用。
Have solids definite shape ?
Has he a radio set ?
Did you have a meeting last night ?
443 谓语动词为行为动词的问句形式
Is he swimming ?
Has he completed his work ?
Can you lend me your bicycle ?
Did she prove herself innocent ?
444 存在句（There + be +...）的问句形式
Are there four pencils on his desk ?
445 使用疑问代词（who, whose, whom, what, which）的特殊疑问句
What did he say ?
446 使用疑问副词（when, where, how, why）的特殊疑问句
Why was he afraid of it ?
45? 祈使句与感叹句
451 谓语为“be + 形容词”的祈使形式
Be quiet, please .
452 谓语为行为动词的祈使形式
Give me that skirt .
Sit down , please !
453 Let, suppose 及 if 等引导的祈使句，表示假设
Let me have a look .
Let us suppose that this conclusion remains true .
454 祈使句的组合
Consider the question from this point of view, and you will find it of great importance .
455 祈使句 + （or + 陈述句）的译法
Be careful, or the apparatus will be spoilt .
456 感叹句
What a fine apparatus it is !
How hard he works !
46? 否定句（只测“否定”，可以忽略“不”“没”的区分）
461 陈述句基本句型的否定形式
These are not pencils .
I don't believe it .
There isn't anybody in the classroom .
462 不同时态陈述句的否定形式
I did not see him yesterday .
I have not seen him this morning .
463 陈述句被动态的否定形式
I was not beaten by him, but by her .
464 疑问句的否定形式
Don't you see a lot of peasants working in the fields ?
465 祈使句的否定形式
Don't despise your colleagues .
466 部分否定与完全否定
All of them are not students .
467 非限定动词的否定结构
It is better to go than not to go .
I am sorry for not having finished designing the device last month .
47? 助动词(can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, shall, will, ought to, have to, be to等)
471 各个助动词的基本用法（包括There can be, There might be 句型）
You can go now .
There might be a new building .
472 情态动词及情态动词后谓语动词的各种时态形式
He must have gone to the workshop .
473 带有情态动词的被动语态
He cannot be killed .
474 情态动词的疑问形式
What can I do for you ?
475 情态动词的否定形式
They dare not tell the truth to the people .
476 助动词的各种缩略形式 （It's, won't, ...）
You can't have finished the task so soon .
48? 并列结构
481 句子中名词性成分（包括动词的非限定形式）的并列
Solid , liquid and gas are the three states of matter .
A multimeter can be applied to measure current、resistance and voltage .
I am not a teacher , but a student .
482 句子中谓语动词的并列
Come and help me to lift these boxes .
483 句子中状语的并列
Are you going to Shanghai by train or by plane ?
484 句子中表语的并列
The story was simple, but very moving .
5?? 复合句
51? 宾语从句
511 由 that 引导的宾语从句，有时 that 可省略
I expect I shall be back on Monday .
He told me that he did not know it .
512 由 what 引导的宾语从句
Show me what you have written .
513 由 where 引导的宾语从句
Please tell me where I can see him .
514 由 who 引导的宾语从句
Do you know who invented magnetic needle ?
515 由 whom 引导的宾语从句
Do you know whom she is waiting for ?
516 由 when 引导的宾语从句
Tell me when she will come here .
517 由 how 引导的宾语从句
I want to know how she can solve such a problem .
518 由 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句
He asked whether I would attend the meeting .
519 由 why 引导的宾语从句
I do not know why they eat such kind of food .
52? 定语从句
521 由关系代词which引导的定语从句
Is this the knife which you're looking for ?
522 由关系代词where引导的定语从句
He died in the village where he was born .
523 由关系副词why引导的定语从句
That is the reason why I am not in favour of it .
524 由关系代词when引导的定语从句
He came at a time when we needed help .
525 由关系代词that引导的定语从句
Who is the person that is standing beside her ?
526 由关系代词who或whose或whom引导的定语从句
The man who wrote these poems is a veteran soldier .
What is the name of the worker whose sister is a driver ?
Is the man whom we saw just now your teacher ?
527 “介词+ which”或“介词 + whom”引导的定语从句
He is the man with whom you visited the exhibition yesterday .
In our class there are fifteen students , three of whom are from Beijing .
528 省略了关联词的定语从句
He took us to see the power station they built .
53? 主语从句
531 由that引导的主语从句
That air has pressure was known long ago .
532 由疑问代词 what 引导的主语从句
What we saw was incredible .
533 由疑问代词 when 引导的主语从句
When they will study is uncertain .
534 由疑问副词 how 引导的主语从句
How they invented it is not clear to me .
535 由疑问副词 why 引导的主语从句
Why the river is not frozen in such cold weather is still a question .
536 由连词 whether 引导的主语从句
Whether we ought to go is still a question .
537 由疑问代词 who 或 不定代词 whoever 引导的主语从句
Whoever has interest in it can apply for membership .
538 由 where 或 wherever 引导的主语从句
Where we shall buy this material is not yet decided .
Wherever you go does not matter to me .
54? 同位语从句
541 同位语从句
The discovery that magnetism can produce electric current is extremely important in the field .
55? 表语从句以及作为表语补足语的从句
551 由 what 引导的表语从句
The problem is what we do now .
552 由 who 或 whom 引导的表语从句
The problem is who are to go in the first batch .
553 由 when 或 where 引导的表语从句
That is where I lived last year .
554 由 why 引导的表语从句
That is why the machine parts were wearing away during use .
555 由 whether 或 if 引导的表语从句
The question is whether we can go now .
556 由 that 引导的表语从句
My impression is that you are not interested in the question .
557 由 how 引导的表语从句
The question is how we can finish our task in time .
558 作为表语补足语的从句
I am sorry I don't know his address .
56? 状语从句
561 时间状语从句
Give the letter to her when you see her tomorrow .
While you were away , two men came to see you .
After she arrived , we went to see her .
She was at school before she became a barber .
Electricity has found world-wide applications since it was discovered .
562 地点状语从句
Where there is matter, there is motion .
563 原因状语从句
Air cannot be an element because an element cannot be separated .
564 条件状语从句
If I have time tonight , I will go to see film with you .
565 让步状语从句
Air has weight , though it is very light .
566 方式状语从句
When heated, gases expand as liquids and solids do .
567 结果状语从句
An atom is so small that we cannot see it .
568 目的状语从句
In order that a body moves faster , an additional force must be applied to it .
569 比较状语从句
It is darker tonight than it was yesterday.
57? 从句嵌套的情况（限两重）
571 主句或名词性从句又是主从复合句
It is ridiculous that we should be short of water in a country where it is always raining .
572 定语从句又是主从复合句
The scientists were very surprised when watching that one of two weights dropped was heavier than the other , but they reached the ground at the same moment .
573 状语从句又是主从复合句
He never climbed trees because he once fell down from a tree when he was a little boy .
574 一个句子包括两个互不嵌套的从句
What we have to decide now is who are to go in the first batch .
What I care about is where we should go .
If there were no gravity , many things could not be done as we do them now .
Most plants grow well where there is sufficient moisture and when there is good sunshine .
What surprised me was that she spoke French so well .
58? 并列句
581 用连词连接的并列句 （and, or, but, ...)
I am from Shanghai and he is from Beijing .
582 不用连词连接的并列句
6?? 英语句法歧义与语义分析
61? 同一词跨两类 （对“同形”与“兼类”不作细分）
611 同一词兼为名词与动词
He studies very hard .
He tries to improve his study .
612 同一词兼为名词与形容词
Her eyes are dark .
Try to get home before dark .
613 同一词兼为动词与形容词
It is a piece of waste paper .
Don't waste money on trash .
614 同一词兼为副词与形容词
The car stopped short only a few inches from where I stood .
He is two inches shorter than I .
615 同一词兼为副词与介词 （包括介词 to 兼作不定式标记）
I'll show you how to operate the machine .
The next day we came to a small village .
The students worked along with the workers .
Let's walk along the street .
616 同一词兼为代词与关系代词
Who are they ?
Do you know the man who came to see me yesterday ?
617 同一词兼为连词与介词
He went to Beijing after a few days .
After I came back , he went to the plant .
Since 1949 , great changes have taken place in China .
I have been living here since I came to Beijing .
618 同一词兼为连词与副词
I told you to buy the book , you didn't buy it though .
Though it was late , she went on working .
619 同一词兼为名词与副词(如 well) 或兼为名词与数词(如second)
He was so happy , because he found a well in the desert .
He works hard and works well .
62? 同一词兼为三类
621 同一词兼为名词、形容词与动词
It is a pocket of common salt .
I like to eat salt beef .
They salted clouds with dry ice .
622 同一词兼为连词、形容词与动词
I hope I can drive the tractor like you do .
The two buildings are very like .
The children like the book very much .
623 同一词兼为指示代词、关系代词与从属连词
That book is on the desk .
The book that I borrowed is very interesting .
He said that he could come .
624 同一词兼为介词、形容词与副词
The sun is slowly rising above the sea .
The above explanation will help answer the question .
Our laboratory is just above .
63? 同一动词兼属不同子范畴
631 同一动词兼作及物动词与不及物动词
We must learn to think .
Do you think it possible to finish the work this week ?
632 同一动词兼作双宾语动词与单宾语动词
You can leave her a note if you like .
He left Shanghai for Hangzhou .
633 同一动词兼作助动词与及物动词、助动词与系动词
634 同一动词兼作不及物、单宾语与双宾语动词
We telegraphed yesterday .
We telegraphed him yesterday .
We telegraphed him the good news .
635 同一动词的后接情况不同，意思也不相同。
It has stopped raining .
Let's stop to rest .
He stopped talking .
He stopped to talk .
64? 多义词（包括英语多义以及同一英语词义的不同译法）
641 同一名词有两种语义
Let's first find a room to put the thing in .
There is only standing room in the bus .
642 同一形容词有两种语义
This is a strong contrast .
He has a strong body .
643 同一副词有两种语义
I will go there too .
This shirt is too large for me .
644 同一数词有不同用法
The third month of the year is March .
It weighs two thirds of a ton .
645 同一介词兼有不同的语义
Tom sat down by the door .
I came here by bus .
646 同一从属连词具有多种语义且引导不同类型的从句
Heat is as important to life as air and water .
If there were no gravity, many things could not be done as we do them now .
As a ship gets heavier , it displaces more and more water .
Hard as the metal is , it can be changed into liquid at high temperature .
647 同一名词有三种不同的语义，如spring（弹簧，泉水，春天）
Spring is the first season in the year .
I bought a spring yesterday .
The water in the spring is lucid .
648 同一动词或动词词组具有两种或三种不同的语义，如 have（有，吃，要）
I have a book .
You are having your breakfast .
They have him do this .
65? 歧义结构
651 在“N1 and N2 of N3”与“N1 of N2 and N3”结构中，并列与修饰关系的正确决定
The books of my son and my daughter are interesting .
Mr. Johnson and the brother of Mr. Smith went to theater last night .
652 在“N1 of N2 and N3 of N4”结构中，并列与修饰关系的正确决定
The book of Tom and the pen of Jerry are on the desk .
653 正确决定“V + N1 + P + N2”结构中介词短语“P + N2”是修饰动词V还是修饰名词N1；
正确决定句子最后的状语是修饰前面的那一个动词。
Tell the teacher about the story .
Tell the teacher in that school about the story .
I'd prefer you to start today .
654 形式为主从复合句，语义为并列句
You put one of your ears close to one end of the pipe while your friend taps the other end with a hammer .
655 判断 who 是动词不定式的逻辑主语还是宾语（宾语可置换为 whom ）
Who does she want to come here ?
Who does she want to reproach ?
656 判断 Ving + N 是述宾结构还是定中结构
Flying planes is dangerous .
Flying planes are dangerous .
657 判断现在分词短语是用于构成谓语动词还是作名词修饰成分（花园路径句子）
Is the boy swimming in the swimming-pool her friend ?
Is the boy swimming in the swimming-pool?
658 位于句首的普通词与专有名词的同形辨认
The weather is fine in May .
May I come in ?
659 比较句的歧义
He plays tennis better than I .
He plays tennis better than badminton .
66? 未登录词的处理
661 人名的判断
I agree with Henry's opinion .
662 地名的判断
I will go to Changping .
663 同位短语中专名的处理
Prepare diskettes for use on the Compaq computer .
664 全部由大写字母或数字、符号构成的专名的处理
The same state is depicted in Figure 4-3 above .
665 年代信息的处理
We gained a lot of successes in the 1980s .
7?? 汉语生成
71? 冠词
711 不定冠词 a 与 an 用于单数可数名词需选取适当的量词，分别译作“一个”、“一位”、
“一本”、“一台”等等，但有时可略去，有时可仅省去量词，而紧接动词之后也可仅省
去“一”。
He is a worker .
Here is a telegram for you .
712 不定冠词 + 表示容器、单位、种类等意义的名词 +of+ 英语不可数名词译成汉语时，需译
作“一” + 量词 + 名词
There is a box of candy in her hand .
713 不定冠词用于泛指某一类人或事物中的任何一个，翻译时，不定冠词可以不译出来或者
译成“任何一个”、“任何一种”等。
A machine consists of different parts .
A knowledge of language is always useful .
714 用作计量单位的名词前的不定冠词，应译作“每”或“一”。
This tank runs at 30 miles an hour .
715 定冠词通常译为汉语的指量结构，即这个、那位、那些、这些等，但也可以省略。
They are looking for the apparatus to be tested .
716 有些定冠词是不应该译出来的。
The earth , the moon , the sun , and all the other stars are in constant motion .
She is the most beautiful girl in the company .
The sun rises in the east .
717 某些原级形容词前加了 the 起名词作用，表示一类事物，应译成名词
Theory helps us distinguish the true from the false .
The young are impatient .
72? 汉语量词的使用
721 英语结构“数词 + 可数名词”或“指示代词 + 名词”译成汉语时，需增补适当的量词。
There are two mirrors on the wall .
There are two poems on the blackboard.
There are four electric lamps in the hall .
There are two tankers here .
There are two blankets on that bed .
There are ten rifles on the ground .
722 英语结构“数词+ 表示容量、单位或种类的名词+of+名词”译成汉语的“数量名”结构时，
需选用适当的量词
There are three tins of pork on the table .
723 英语的“数 + 形 + 名”翻译成汉语的“数 + 量 + 形 + 名”（数词包括不定冠词）。
A red sun rose in the east .
She has a very nice handkerchief .
724 英语的某些指示词（包括指示代词 this, that, 形容词last, 序数词first, second等等）
后接名词，译成汉语需增加量词有时还可在量词前加“一”
I like that desk .
Your first composition was not good .
73? 否定的表达方式
731 最常用的否定副词“not”与“不，没，未”等的选择
I cannot go to cinema this evening .
He did not go to cinema yesterday .
The books are not taken away by the students .
732 否定代词（none, nothing, nobody, neither等）的翻译，也将 no one 看作一个否定代词。
No one saw Tom go out .
733 否定副词（never, hardly, scarcely）的翻译
I have hardly any money .
734 表示否定意义的连词（neither...nor..)的翻译
I can neither sing nor dance .
735 表示否定意义的介词（without）的译法
Human beings cannot live without water .
736 否定祈使句的翻译
Don't hasten to heat the beaker .
737 有些否定句需译成肯定句
He did not come until late in the evening .
We did not notice this matter until yesterday .
74? 某些被动句需译成主动句
741 逻辑直接宾语 + 动词被动态 + 间接宾语 + by + 逻辑主语
Three books were given to me by my teacher .
742 逻辑间接宾语 + 动词被动态 + 直接宾语 + by + 逻辑主语
I was given three books by my teacher .
743 有些被动句译成主动句时，需加虚指的主语如“有人”、“人们”等
A letter was sent to him .
A question was asked to him .
This instrument will be found to be well designed .
75? 调序
751 英语中有些定语放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，译文需要调整
He will provide everything necessary .
All the people present began to shout .
His attitude towards his wife is not correct .
There is food enough for everybody .
752 不仅名词或代词的后置定语需调序，而且修饰成分内部也要调序
We must try to help them in every way possible .
There were quite a few people on the platform waiting for the train coming at night .
753 英语的状语常放在句子基本成分（主、谓、宾）之后，译文要将它调到前面去。
She did not do it intentionally .
Did you come by bus ?
She got up at six .
I go there twice every year .
754 同时包含时间状语和其它状语时，译文需要将时间状语置于其它状语之前。
I saw the film in Beijing last year .
755 时间词组内部顺序的调整
She went abroad in December , 1978 .
She went abroad on March 6 , 1991 .
756 数量词或数量词组内部顺序的调整
We have lunch at half past eleven .
757 同位语的调整
Is Secretary Mary here ?
758 复合句的主从关系需要调整
I had just poured myself a glass of beer when the phone rang .
759 表示同一概念的词组，英汉表示形式不同
The swings back and forth .
76? 指代关系的确定与置换
761 译文将状语从句前置时，从句中的代词与主句中的名词应互换位置。
All electronic computers consist of five units although they are of different kinds .
8?? 英汉机译中的若干难点
81? 强调
811 助动词 do 置于谓语动词之前
The reaction did take place .
812 形容词 very 前用定冠词 the ，意思是“就，正”
She is the very girl I want to see .
813 使用引导词 it （或 that ）的强调句型，即 it is (was) + 被强调部分+ that (who, whom, which)
+ 其它部分
It was not until the professor came that they began the test .
It was he who took my daughter home .
814 把谓语的一部分前置以强调谓语
Hanging on the wall is his father's picture.
Fastened on the crank shaft is an eccentric disk .
815 移至句首的被强调成分
In every word is contained a certain thought , a certain meaning .（状语提前）
82? 省略，英语中可以省略的部分，译文却要补上。
821 宾语补足语和主语补足语常省略 to be或 to 后面的原形动词
We frequently regard gases as compressible , liquids as incompressible .
822 并列句中，后一句省略谓语或谓语的一部分；主从复合句中，主句或从句有一个谓语可以省略。
Some of the students are reading French ; the others German .
823 并列句中，后一句省略宾语和状语
We have two classes in physics today , but they have not .
824 不完全句或并列句的后一句主谓成分的省略
We are used to calling her "Big" , him "Short" .
825 as 引导的定语从句的省略
The two forces , as shown in the figure below , are parallel .
826 由 if, when, though, as if 等引导的状语从句的省略
If so , we'll have to put the meeting off .
83? 倒装
831 在表示动作的简单句中, 为了表达生动有时把副词放在句首, 且把谓语动词放在主语之前。
Down flew the bat .
832 由连词 "not only...but also" 连接的并列句中，如果"not only" 放句首时, 则谓语动词
(或情态动词、助动词)前置。
Not only is this problem very important , but it is also difficult to solve at once .
833 由连词 "no sooner...than" 连接的并列句中，如果"no sooner" 放句首时，则谓语动词
(或情态动词、助动词)前置。
No sooner had she seen me than she ran off .
834 在用 nor 或 neither 表示“也不”的意思时, 其词序为:：nor(neither)+be (或 have 或助动词或
情态动词)+主语。
He did not drop any hint , nor did his secretary .
835 在用 so 表示“也这样”的意思时，其词序为:：so + be (或 have或助动词或情态动词)+主语
Their group has already fulfilled their quota , so has our group .
836 在以副词 only(只有)，never(从来不)，little(很少)等开头的句子中，联系动词或助动词置于
主语之前
Little did we suspect that the district was so rich in mineral resources .
84? 某些代词的用法与翻译
841 引导词 it 的用法
It is necessary to discuss this problem .
It turned out that we had a good harvest again that year .
We found it not difficult to translate it into English .
They felt it their duty helping others .
I think it impossible that he should have passed the exam .
842 that （包括 this, these, those）
This is a worker ; that is a peasant .
The volume of the sun is much larger than that of the earth .
They are the students that designed the new-type machine .
It is a well-known fact that heat is a form of energy .
I am glad that you have succeeded in the experiment .
This material is so light that it can float on water .
They started early in order that they could get to the station on time .
843 as 作为代词使用
Countries in the north of Europe, such as Finland , Norway and Swede , are all small countries .
The price is the same as before the war .
This machine , as we all can see , has stopped operating .
844 one
One can eat well there .
845 any, some, somebody, someone, something 等
Someone has come to see you .
846 all, each, few, little, another
Each should bring a story-book to class tomorrow .
847 both, either
I don't want both books .
You can read either of the two books .
848 指代
He took out his shoes and put them on .
85? 分离
851 分裂不定式，即在不定式记号"to"和动词原形之间插入一个副词
Our object is to further strengthen friendly relations between the two countries .
852 在复合句中,用来修饰名词的定语从句或分词短语不是紧接在该名词的后面
Another system may be found which is also consistent with the equation .
853 介词短语的分离
What are the molecules composed of ?
Where are you from ?
We all know what water consists of .
The computer is a useful tool which we often depend upon .
86? 虚拟语气
861 if 引导的虚拟条件从句
If I knew his name , I would tell you .
862 省略 if 的虚拟条件从句
Should he come , we should discuss the problem with him .
863 as if 或 as though 引导的方式状语从句
Electrons are able to act as if they were waves under certain conditions .
Electric current flows through a conductor as though it were a fluid .
864 某些动词后由 that 引导的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
The doctor suggested that he should go to the park every morning .
The teacher suggested he go over the lesson every day .
865 动词 wish 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
I wish he was here now . （现在）
I wish he had been here yesterday . （过去）
I wish you would come tomorrow . （将来）
866 其它虚拟语气
It's time we went .
87? 标点符号
871 圆括号
Bernard Shaw (who wrote many plays) died in 1950 .
872 引号
He said , "This is my pencil" .
873 逗号
She sent me some post-cards , a few books and an album of pictures .
874 破折号
Bernard Shaw---who wrote many plays---died in 1950 .
875 书名号
The novel Gone with the Wind is about the American Civil War .
9?? 长句的翻译
911 修饰语较多或较长的简单句
The conservation laws have enabled us to reach far-reaching conclusions concerning the stability of atoms , without resorting to any hypothesis about the conditions within the nucleus on the forces operative in it .
912 嵌套重数较多的复合句
He said that he would go with us if his mother did not come to see him until it was dark .
913 兼有并列或主从关系的并列复合句
The book I am reading is very interesting , because it describes a foreign country which I am familiar with .
⒈ 英语词汇
⒉ 英语词组
⒊ 英语词法分析
⒋ 英语简单句
⒌ 英语复合句
⒍ 英语句法歧义与语义分析
⒎ 汉语生成
⒏ 英汉机译中的若干难点
⒐ 长句的翻译
1?? 英语词汇
11? 最常用词汇
111 最常用名词
He is a doctor .
112 最常用动词
Come and see me .
113 最常用形容词
This is a good book .
114 最常用副词
It is not very hot today .
115 最常用数词
School begins at nine .
12? 常用词汇
121 常用名词
Mary goes to college .
122 常用动词
I wish you to take me there .
123 常用形容词
You're welcome .
124 常用副词
He completely forgot it .
125 常用数词
I received a third of an apple .
13? 次常用词汇
131 次常用名词
I have seen a zebra in the zoo .
132 次常用动词
He wrapped the box carefully .
133 次常用形容词
It is wrong to tell a lie .
2?? 英语词组
21? 由相邻单词构成的普通词组
211 动词词组(例：catch up)
He walked fast to catch up the train .
212 介词词组(例：in advance)
He paid the rent in advance .
213 短语连词(例：as if, in order that )
He talked so much as if he were the teacher .
214 名词性词组(a lot of, a series of, a few, a little )
He has a lot of story-books .
215 副词性词组(all day long, all the time)
He worked all day long .
216 其它
22? 分离词组
221 插进了其它成分的词组
The teacher compared Shelly with Keats .
They did this only for friendship's sake .
222 动宾结构（Ｖ+Ｎ）的词组中间插入修饰Ｎ的形容词或形容词性物主代词。
They take an active part in scientific experiment .
223 通常为动介结构（Ｖ+Ｐ）的普通词组，中间插入修饰V的副词。
They will depend more on their parents .
224 动介结构的词组中插入与主语呼应的反身代词
We must never divorce ourselves from the masses .
225 联合连词( both...and, neither...nor, not only...but (also) 等)
Neither he nor I can sing well .
23? 词组中套词组
231 在动介结构的词组中插入了副词性词组
I have looked all round for the missing book .
3?? 英语词法分析
31? 名词的复数形式
311 规则变化的名词, 加ｓ或 es
There are three books on the desk .
The ox has four stomaches .
312 词尾为ｆ或 fe 的名词, 一般变为ves, 也有少数词尾为 f 的只加ｓ
They saw many cliffs on the Huang Shan Mountains .
313 词尾为ｙ的, 变ｙ为ｉ再加es
The boy caught five flies in the room .
314 词尾为ｏ的, 一般加es, 也有的只加ｓ
There are four mosquitoes flying in the mosquito curtain .
There are four cuckoos in the zoo .
315 单复数形式相同的名词
There is a pair of trousers in the case .
316 只有复数形式的名词
This is a means to an end .
317 不规则变化的复数形式
There are twelve oxen by the stream .
Do you know the names of the two men over there ?
There are nine asylums in the city .
318 复合名词的复数形式, 有的变前一个名词, 有的变后一个, 有的两者都变
There are nine women leaders in the factory .
All of his son-in-laws are businessmen .
32? 名词与代词的格
321 单数名词和不以ｓ结尾的复数名词加 's 构成所有格
My uncle's guitar is new .
322 以ｓ结尾的复数名词加 ' 构成所有格
The students' dorms are very clean .
323 合成名词只在最后一个词上加 's 表示所有格
This is my sister-in-law's bag .
324 名词所有格的特殊用法
This is a book of Mr. Richard's .
I met him at the barber's .
Yesterday he went to his uncle's .
325 人称代词的主格与宾格及反身代词
They are students .
I gave them some cakes .
They themselves went there .
326 形容词性物主代词与名词性物主代词。有些形容词性物主代词是不应该译出来的。
This is your book .
The book is yours .
33? 形容词的比较级与最高级
331 词尾加er的形容词的比较级形式
This pool is deeper than that one .
332 多音节形容词前加 more 形成比较级 ，也有少数单音节形容词前加 more 形成比较级
This book is more expensive than that one .
I am glad to see you , he will be more glad to see you .
333 不规则变化的形容词比较级
He drinks less beer than before .
334 less+形容词，形成形容词比较级
This textbook is less difficult than that one .
335 单音节形容词最高级形式
She is the weakest of the three sisters .
336 多音节形容词前加 most 形成最高级
His plan is the most practical of all .
337 不规则变化的形容词最高级
He is the eldest of the five brothers .
338 least 表示与 most 相反的意义
Young people are the least conservative .
339 形容词比较级的特殊用法
The city is becoming more and more prosperous .
The harder you work , the more achievements you will gain .
34? 副词的比较级与最高级
341 词尾加 er 的副词比较级
This troop marched quicker than that one .
342 副词前加 more 的比较级形式
She was received more warmly than she had expected .
343 不规则变化的副词比较级
He plays table tennis better than I .
344 词尾加 est 的副词最高级
They all came early , but she came earliest of all .
345 副词前加 most 的最高级形式
Among the three soldiers he fought most bravely .
346 不规则变化的副词最高级
We like the third poem best of all .
35? 动词的不规则变化
351 动词的原形、过去式与过去分词三种形式完全相同
He often puts his hands in his pockets .
He put his bag on the table yesterday .
The bag was put on the table .
352 动词的原形与过去分词相同
The horse runs fast .
I have run to here .
353 动词的过去式与过去分词相同
The boy spelt his name correctly .
I have spelt my name .
He left here for Beijing .
He has just left .
354 动词的三种形式完全不相同
He was chosen as a deputy to the National People's Congress .
The road is frozen hard .
Cameras are forbidden .
He drank a glass of milk this morning .
She stole a purse .
The sun sank in the west .
36? 动词不定式
361 动词不定式（短语）在句中作主语
To accomplish this task is my duty .
362 动词不定式（短语）在句中作表语
Our purpose in life is to serve the people .
363 动词不定式在句中作宾语或双宾语动词的直接宾语
I prefer to start early .
They requested him to be present at the opening ceremony .
364 动词不定式与疑问代词、疑问副词、否定词构成的短语在句中作宾语或主语，作
为动词不定式的宾语的疑问代词要移到前面
They know what to do .
He told me not to wait for him .
365 动词不定式在句中作定语
This will be a good opportunity to exchange experience .
366 动词不定式在句中作状语
We are building many petro-chemical works to make full use of petroleum .
They ran over to welcome the delegates.
To be a teacher, one must first be their pupil.
367 动词不定式在句中作复合宾语的宾语补足语(某些动词要省掉to) 或表语补足语
Will you help me to wash clothes ?
He helps me wash clothes .
The plan is difficult to describe .
368 "too + 形容词/副词 + to 不定式”的语义及翻译
The water is too hot to drink .
369 动词不定式的被动态与不同时态
The first thing to be done is to carry away the earth .
He pretended not to have seen me .
37? 动词的现在分词
371 现在分词在句中作定语，放在它所修饰的名词之前
He told us an exciting story .
372 现在分词短语作定语，放在它所修饰的名词之后
Factories producing such goods were then mostly in the hands of capitalists .
373 现在分词作表语
The situation is encouraging .
374 现在分词作复合宾语中的宾语补足语
I often heard him singing this song .
375 现在分词（或短语）在句中作状语，表示时间、结果、原因、条件、目的等，起到
了一个句子或从句的作用
He rode away whistling .
Opening the drawer he took out a revolver .
She went out, slamming the door .
376 现在分词的完成式与被动语态
Having repaired the apparatus , he went to our laboratory .
Being invited to the party, he couldn't very well refuse .
Having been repaired, the clock began to work well .
38? 动名词
381 动名词或动名词短语在句中作主语
Increasing the length of wire increases its resistance .
382 动名词或动名词短语在句中作宾语，包括作介词的宾语
He likes swimming .
He hates going to the dancing party .
383 动名词或动名词短语在句中作表语
Our production task is making machines .
384 动名词作定语
These articles may be used as reading materials .
His working method is correct .
385 动名词的复合结构(物主代词或名词所有格 + 动名词短语)在句中作主语、宾语、介词宾语或表语
She was very happy about his coming to see her .
Their coming to help was a great encouragement to us.
Our sole worry is your relying too much on yourself.
386 动名词的完成式与被动语态
He was punished by being sent to bed without any supper .
He denied having been there .
They are respected for having worked wonders in scientific research .
I remember having been taken to the zoo by my father .
39? 过去分词
391 过去分词作定语，放在它所修饰的名词之前
This is a well-written book .
392 过去分词短语作定语，放在它所修饰的名词之后
I hate to see letters written in pencil .
393 过去分词(或短语)在句中作表语
He seemed quite delighted at the news .
394 过去分词作复合宾语中的宾语补足语
He was glad to see these machines carefully assembled .
395 过去分词在句中作状语，表示时间、原因、条件、方式等, 起到了一个句子或从句的作用
Given enough time , we can do it well too .
4?? 简单句
41? 陈述句基本句型
411 主语 + 联系动词 (to be, to become, to look, to seem 及它们的变形) + 表语
They became heroes .
412 主语 + 不及物动词 + 状语 (roar, roars, ...)
The lion roars loudly .
413 主语 + 及物动词或词组 + 宾语 (have, has, like, likes, ...)
I can spell this word .
414 主语 + 双宾语动词 + 间接宾语 + 直接宾语 (或 直接宾语 + to + 间接宾语)
Mary teaches him English .
The girl gave a pen to me .
415 主语 + 及物动词 + 复合宾语(其中补语为名词, 形容词, 动词不定式, 现在分词)
This force keeps the body moving .
416 存在句 ( There + be + ...... )
There is a dictionary on your bed .
417 主语 + 联系动词 + 形容词 + 补语
The plan is difficult to describe .
418 主语 + 动词 + 数量短语
They waited for two hours .
42? 陈述句的时态表示
421 一般过去时
He sold his new jacket three weeks ago .
422 一般将来时的各种表示法 (shall, will, be going to do 及现在进行时态表示将来时）
I shall go now .
It will be good weather tomorrow .
I am going to answer these questions right now .
I am going home .
423 现在进行时
She is singing a song .
424 过去进行时
She was having supper, when I went to the room .
425 将来进行时
I shall be working when you come .
He will be taking his exam next week .
426 现在完成时
She has lived here for three years .
427 过去完成时
When I arrived, Ann had just left .
428 将来完成时和现在完成进行时
I have been working before you come .
429 主句与从句中的时态呼应
He said that he would come tomorrow .
43? 陈述句的被动语态
431 一般体（现在、过去、将来）的被动语态
The building was completed last year .
432 进行体（现在、过去）的被动语态
The building is being built .
433 完成体（现在、过去、将来）的被动语态
The work has been finished .
434 用“by + 宾语”表示动作执行者
He was criticized by his mother .
435 含有复合宾语的主动结构变为被动结构时, 复合宾语的逻辑主语变成被动句的主语
He was finally forced to leave his motherland .
436 双宾语句变成被动结构, 直接宾语或间接宾语都可以成为被动句的主语, 而另一个仍为宾语
We are given heat and light by the sun .
437 动词短语(动词+介词, 动词+副词, 动词+副词+介词, 动词+名词+介词)的被动语态
The land was separated into small fields .
This idea was put forward by him .
Pollution should be done away with .
44? 疑问句
441 谓语为“系动词 + 表语”的问句形式
Did they become heroes ?
442 谓语动词为 have 的两种不同问句形式，对翻译有重要的提示作用。
Have solids definite shape ?
Has he a radio set ?
Did you have a meeting last night ?
443 谓语动词为行为动词的问句形式
Is he swimming ?
Has he completed his work ?
Can you lend me your bicycle ?
Did she prove herself innocent ?
444 存在句（There + be +...）的问句形式
Are there four pencils on his desk ?
445 使用疑问代词（who, whose, whom, what, which）的特殊疑问句
What did he say ?
446 使用疑问副词（when, where, how, why）的特殊疑问句
Why was he afraid of it ?
45? 祈使句与感叹句
451 谓语为“be + 形容词”的祈使形式
Be quiet, please .
452 谓语为行为动词的祈使形式
Give me that skirt .
Sit down , please !
453 Let, suppose 及 if 等引导的祈使句，表示假设
Let me have a look .
Let us suppose that this conclusion remains true .
454 祈使句的组合
Consider the question from this point of view, and you will find it of great importance .
455 祈使句 + （or + 陈述句）的译法
Be careful, or the apparatus will be spoilt .
456 感叹句
What a fine apparatus it is !
How hard he works !
46? 否定句（只测“否定”，可以忽略“不”“没”的区分）
461 陈述句基本句型的否定形式
These are not pencils .
I don't believe it .
There isn't anybody in the classroom .
462 不同时态陈述句的否定形式
I did not see him yesterday .
I have not seen him this morning .
463 陈述句被动态的否定形式
I was not beaten by him, but by her .
464 疑问句的否定形式
Don't you see a lot of peasants working in the fields ?
465 祈使句的否定形式
Don't despise your colleagues .
466 部分否定与完全否定
All of them are not students .
467 非限定动词的否定结构
It is better to go than not to go .
I am sorry for not having finished designing the device last month .
47? 助动词(can, could, may, might, must, need, dare, shall, will, ought to, have to, be to等)
471 各个助动词的基本用法（包括There can be, There might be 句型）
You can go now .
There might be a new building .
472 情态动词及情态动词后谓语动词的各种时态形式
He must have gone to the workshop .
473 带有情态动词的被动语态
He cannot be killed .
474 情态动词的疑问形式
What can I do for you ?
475 情态动词的否定形式
They dare not tell the truth to the people .
476 助动词的各种缩略形式 （It's, won't, ...）
You can't have finished the task so soon .
48? 并列结构
481 句子中名词性成分（包括动词的非限定形式）的并列
Solid , liquid and gas are the three states of matter .
A multimeter can be applied to measure current、resistance and voltage .
I am not a teacher , but a student .
482 句子中谓语动词的并列
Come and help me to lift these boxes .
483 句子中状语的并列
Are you going to Shanghai by train or by plane ?
484 句子中表语的并列
The story was simple, but very moving .
5?? 复合句
51? 宾语从句
511 由 that 引导的宾语从句，有时 that 可省略
I expect I shall be back on Monday .
He told me that he did not know it .
512 由 what 引导的宾语从句
Show me what you have written .
513 由 where 引导的宾语从句
Please tell me where I can see him .
514 由 who 引导的宾语从句
Do you know who invented magnetic needle ?
515 由 whom 引导的宾语从句
Do you know whom she is waiting for ?
516 由 when 引导的宾语从句
Tell me when she will come here .
517 由 how 引导的宾语从句
I want to know how she can solve such a problem .
518 由 whether 或 if 引导的宾语从句
He asked whether I would attend the meeting .
519 由 why 引导的宾语从句
I do not know why they eat such kind of food .
52? 定语从句
521 由关系代词which引导的定语从句
Is this the knife which you're looking for ?
522 由关系代词where引导的定语从句
He died in the village where he was born .
523 由关系副词why引导的定语从句
That is the reason why I am not in favour of it .
524 由关系代词when引导的定语从句
He came at a time when we needed help .
525 由关系代词that引导的定语从句
Who is the person that is standing beside her ?
526 由关系代词who或whose或whom引导的定语从句
The man who wrote these poems is a veteran soldier .
What is the name of the worker whose sister is a driver ?
Is the man whom we saw just now your teacher ?
527 “介词+ which”或“介词 + whom”引导的定语从句
He is the man with whom you visited the exhibition yesterday .
In our class there are fifteen students , three of whom are from Beijing .
528 省略了关联词的定语从句
He took us to see the power station they built .
53? 主语从句
531 由that引导的主语从句
That air has pressure was known long ago .
532 由疑问代词 what 引导的主语从句
What we saw was incredible .
533 由疑问代词 when 引导的主语从句
When they will study is uncertain .
534 由疑问副词 how 引导的主语从句
How they invented it is not clear to me .
535 由疑问副词 why 引导的主语从句
Why the river is not frozen in such cold weather is still a question .
536 由连词 whether 引导的主语从句
Whether we ought to go is still a question .
537 由疑问代词 who 或 不定代词 whoever 引导的主语从句
Whoever has interest in it can apply for membership .
538 由 where 或 wherever 引导的主语从句
Where we shall buy this material is not yet decided .
Wherever you go does not matter to me .
54? 同位语从句
541 同位语从句
The discovery that magnetism can produce electric current is extremely important in the field .
55? 表语从句以及作为表语补足语的从句
551 由 what 引导的表语从句
The problem is what we do now .
552 由 who 或 whom 引导的表语从句
The problem is who are to go in the first batch .
553 由 when 或 where 引导的表语从句
That is where I lived last year .
554 由 why 引导的表语从句
That is why the machine parts were wearing away during use .
555 由 whether 或 if 引导的表语从句
The question is whether we can go now .
556 由 that 引导的表语从句
My impression is that you are not interested in the question .
557 由 how 引导的表语从句
The question is how we can finish our task in time .
558 作为表语补足语的从句
I am sorry I don't know his address .
56? 状语从句
561 时间状语从句
Give the letter to her when you see her tomorrow .
While you were away , two men came to see you .
After she arrived , we went to see her .
She was at school before she became a barber .
Electricity has found world-wide applications since it was discovered .
562 地点状语从句
Where there is matter, there is motion .
563 原因状语从句
Air cannot be an element because an element cannot be separated .
564 条件状语从句
If I have time tonight , I will go to see film with you .
565 让步状语从句
Air has weight , though it is very light .
566 方式状语从句
When heated, gases expand as liquids and solids do .
567 结果状语从句
An atom is so small that we cannot see it .
568 目的状语从句
In order that a body moves faster , an additional force must be applied to it .
569 比较状语从句
It is darker tonight than it was yesterday.
57? 从句嵌套的情况（限两重）
571 主句或名词性从句又是主从复合句
It is ridiculous that we should be short of water in a country where it is always raining .
572 定语从句又是主从复合句
The scientists were very surprised when watching that one of two weights dropped was heavier than the other , but they reached the ground at the same moment .
573 状语从句又是主从复合句
He never climbed trees because he once fell down from a tree when he was a little boy .
574 一个句子包括两个互不嵌套的从句
What we have to decide now is who are to go in the first batch .
What I care about is where we should go .
If there were no gravity , many things could not be done as we do them now .
Most plants grow well where there is sufficient moisture and when there is good sunshine .
What surprised me was that she spoke French so well .
58? 并列句
581 用连词连接的并列句 （and, or, but, ...)
I am from Shanghai and he is from Beijing .
582 不用连词连接的并列句
6?? 英语句法歧义与语义分析
61? 同一词跨两类 （对“同形”与“兼类”不作细分）
611 同一词兼为名词与动词
He studies very hard .
He tries to improve his study .
612 同一词兼为名词与形容词
Her eyes are dark .
Try to get home before dark .
613 同一词兼为动词与形容词
It is a piece of waste paper .
Don't waste money on trash .
614 同一词兼为副词与形容词
The car stopped short only a few inches from where I stood .
He is two inches shorter than I .
615 同一词兼为副词与介词 （包括介词 to 兼作不定式标记）
I'll show you how to operate the machine .
The next day we came to a small village .
The students worked along with the workers .
Let's walk along the street .
616 同一词兼为代词与关系代词
Who are they ?
Do you know the man who came to see me yesterday ?
617 同一词兼为连词与介词
He went to Beijing after a few days .
After I came back , he went to the plant .
Since 1949 , great changes have taken place in China .
I have been living here since I came to Beijing .
618 同一词兼为连词与副词
I told you to buy the book , you didn't buy it though .
Though it was late , she went on working .
619 同一词兼为名词与副词(如 well) 或兼为名词与数词(如second)
He was so happy , because he found a well in the desert .
He works hard and works well .
62? 同一词兼为三类
621 同一词兼为名词、形容词与动词
It is a pocket of common salt .
I like to eat salt beef .
They salted clouds with dry ice .
622 同一词兼为连词、形容词与动词
I hope I can drive the tractor like you do .
The two buildings are very like .
The children like the book very much .
623 同一词兼为指示代词、关系代词与从属连词
That book is on the desk .
The book that I borrowed is very interesting .
He said that he could come .
624 同一词兼为介词、形容词与副词
The sun is slowly rising above the sea .
The above explanation will help answer the question .
Our laboratory is just above .
63? 同一动词兼属不同子范畴
631 同一动词兼作及物动词与不及物动词
We must learn to think .
Do you think it possible to finish the work this week ?
632 同一动词兼作双宾语动词与单宾语动词
You can leave her a note if you like .
He left Shanghai for Hangzhou .
633 同一动词兼作助动词与及物动词、助动词与系动词
634 同一动词兼作不及物、单宾语与双宾语动词
We telegraphed yesterday .
We telegraphed him yesterday .
We telegraphed him the good news .
635 同一动词的后接情况不同，意思也不相同。
It has stopped raining .
Let's stop to rest .
He stopped talking .
He stopped to talk .
64? 多义词（包括英语多义以及同一英语词义的不同译法）
641 同一名词有两种语义
Let's first find a room to put the thing in .
There is only standing room in the bus .
642 同一形容词有两种语义
This is a strong contrast .
He has a strong body .
643 同一副词有两种语义
I will go there too .
This shirt is too large for me .
644 同一数词有不同用法
The third month of the year is March .
It weighs two thirds of a ton .
645 同一介词兼有不同的语义
Tom sat down by the door .
I came here by bus .
646 同一从属连词具有多种语义且引导不同类型的从句
Heat is as important to life as air and water .
If there were no gravity, many things could not be done as we do them now .
As a ship gets heavier , it displaces more and more water .
Hard as the metal is , it can be changed into liquid at high temperature .
647 同一名词有三种不同的语义，如spring（弹簧，泉水，春天）
Spring is the first season in the year .
I bought a spring yesterday .
The water in the spring is lucid .
648 同一动词或动词词组具有两种或三种不同的语义，如 have（有，吃，要）
I have a book .
You are having your breakfast .
They have him do this .
65? 歧义结构
651 在“N1 and N2 of N3”与“N1 of N2 and N3”结构中，并列与修饰关系的正确决定
The books of my son and my daughter are interesting .
Mr. Johnson and the brother of Mr. Smith went to theater last night .
652 在“N1 of N2 and N3 of N4”结构中，并列与修饰关系的正确决定
The book of Tom and the pen of Jerry are on the desk .
653 正确决定“V + N1 + P + N2”结构中介词短语“P + N2”是修饰动词V还是修饰名词N1；
正确决定句子最后的状语是修饰前面的那一个动词。
Tell the teacher about the story .
Tell the teacher in that school about the story .
I'd prefer you to start today .
654 形式为主从复合句，语义为并列句
You put one of your ears close to one end of the pipe while your friend taps the other end with a hammer .
655 判断 who 是动词不定式的逻辑主语还是宾语（宾语可置换为 whom ）
Who does she want to come here ?
Who does she want to reproach ?
656 判断 Ving + N 是述宾结构还是定中结构
Flying planes is dangerous .
Flying planes are dangerous .
657 判断现在分词短语是用于构成谓语动词还是作名词修饰成分（花园路径句子）
Is the boy swimming in the swimming-pool her friend ?
Is the boy swimming in the swimming-pool?
658 位于句首的普通词与专有名词的同形辨认
The weather is fine in May .
May I come in ?
659 比较句的歧义
He plays tennis better than I .
He plays tennis better than badminton .
66? 未登录词的处理
661 人名的判断
I agree with Henry's opinion .
662 地名的判断
I will go to Changping .
663 同位短语中专名的处理
Prepare diskettes for use on the Compaq computer .
664 全部由大写字母或数字、符号构成的专名的处理
The same state is depicted in Figure 4-3 above .
665 年代信息的处理
We gained a lot of successes in the 1980s .
7?? 汉语生成
71? 冠词
711 不定冠词 a 与 an 用于单数可数名词需选取适当的量词，分别译作“一个”、“一位”、
“一本”、“一台”等等，但有时可略去，有时可仅省去量词，而紧接动词之后也可仅省
去“一”。
He is a worker .
Here is a telegram for you .
712 不定冠词 + 表示容器、单位、种类等意义的名词 +of+ 英语不可数名词译成汉语时，需译
作“一” + 量词 + 名词
There is a box of candy in her hand .
713 不定冠词用于泛指某一类人或事物中的任何一个，翻译时，不定冠词可以不译出来或者
译成“任何一个”、“任何一种”等。
A machine consists of different parts .
A knowledge of language is always useful .
714 用作计量单位的名词前的不定冠词，应译作“每”或“一”。
This tank runs at 30 miles an hour .
715 定冠词通常译为汉语的指量结构，即这个、那位、那些、这些等，但也可以省略。
They are looking for the apparatus to be tested .
716 有些定冠词是不应该译出来的。
The earth , the moon , the sun , and all the other stars are in constant motion .
She is the most beautiful girl in the company .
The sun rises in the east .
717 某些原级形容词前加了 the 起名词作用，表示一类事物，应译成名词
Theory helps us distinguish the true from the false .
The young are impatient .
72? 汉语量词的使用
721 英语结构“数词 + 可数名词”或“指示代词 + 名词”译成汉语时，需增补适当的量词。
There are two mirrors on the wall .
There are two poems on the blackboard.
There are four electric lamps in the hall .
There are two tankers here .
There are two blankets on that bed .
There are ten rifles on the ground .
722 英语结构“数词+ 表示容量、单位或种类的名词+of+名词”译成汉语的“数量名”结构时，
需选用适当的量词
There are three tins of pork on the table .
723 英语的“数 + 形 + 名”翻译成汉语的“数 + 量 + 形 + 名”（数词包括不定冠词）。
A red sun rose in the east .
She has a very nice handkerchief .
724 英语的某些指示词（包括指示代词 this, that, 形容词last, 序数词first, second等等）
后接名词，译成汉语需增加量词有时还可在量词前加“一”
I like that desk .
Your first composition was not good .
73? 否定的表达方式
731 最常用的否定副词“not”与“不，没，未”等的选择
I cannot go to cinema this evening .
He did not go to cinema yesterday .
The books are not taken away by the students .
732 否定代词（none, nothing, nobody, neither等）的翻译，也将 no one 看作一个否定代词。
No one saw Tom go out .
733 否定副词（never, hardly, scarcely）的翻译
I have hardly any money .
734 表示否定意义的连词（neither...nor..)的翻译
I can neither sing nor dance .
735 表示否定意义的介词（without）的译法
Human beings cannot live without water .
736 否定祈使句的翻译
Don't hasten to heat the beaker .
737 有些否定句需译成肯定句
He did not come until late in the evening .
We did not notice this matter until yesterday .
74? 某些被动句需译成主动句
741 逻辑直接宾语 + 动词被动态 + 间接宾语 + by + 逻辑主语
Three books were given to me by my teacher .
742 逻辑间接宾语 + 动词被动态 + 直接宾语 + by + 逻辑主语
I was given three books by my teacher .
743 有些被动句译成主动句时，需加虚指的主语如“有人”、“人们”等
A letter was sent to him .
A question was asked to him .
This instrument will be found to be well designed .
75? 调序
751 英语中有些定语放在它所修饰的名词或代词之后，译文需要调整
He will provide everything necessary .
All the people present began to shout .
His attitude towards his wife is not correct .
There is food enough for everybody .
752 不仅名词或代词的后置定语需调序，而且修饰成分内部也要调序
We must try to help them in every way possible .
There were quite a few people on the platform waiting for the train coming at night .
753 英语的状语常放在句子基本成分（主、谓、宾）之后，译文要将它调到前面去。
She did not do it intentionally .
Did you come by bus ?
She got up at six .
I go there twice every year .
754 同时包含时间状语和其它状语时，译文需要将时间状语置于其它状语之前。
I saw the film in Beijing last year .
755 时间词组内部顺序的调整
She went abroad in December , 1978 .
She went abroad on March 6 , 1991 .
756 数量词或数量词组内部顺序的调整
We have lunch at half past eleven .
757 同位语的调整
Is Secretary Mary here ?
758 复合句的主从关系需要调整
I had just poured myself a glass of beer when the phone rang .
759 表示同一概念的词组，英汉表示形式不同
The swings back and forth .
76? 指代关系的确定与置换
761 译文将状语从句前置时，从句中的代词与主句中的名词应互换位置。
All electronic computers consist of five units although they are of different kinds .
8?? 英汉机译中的若干难点
81? 强调
811 助动词 do 置于谓语动词之前
The reaction did take place .
812 形容词 very 前用定冠词 the ，意思是“就，正”
She is the very girl I want to see .
813 使用引导词 it （或 that ）的强调句型，即 it is (was) + 被强调部分+ that (who, whom, which)
+ 其它部分
It was not until the professor came that they began the test .
It was he who took my daughter home .
814 把谓语的一部分前置以强调谓语
Hanging on the wall is his father's picture.
Fastened on the crank shaft is an eccentric disk .
815 移至句首的被强调成分
In every word is contained a certain thought , a certain meaning .（状语提前）
82? 省略，英语中可以省略的部分，译文却要补上。
821 宾语补足语和主语补足语常省略 to be或 to 后面的原形动词
We frequently regard gases as compressible , liquids as incompressible .
822 并列句中，后一句省略谓语或谓语的一部分；主从复合句中，主句或从句有一个谓语可以省略。
Some of the students are reading French ; the others German .
823 并列句中，后一句省略宾语和状语
We have two classes in physics today , but they have not .
824 不完全句或并列句的后一句主谓成分的省略
We are used to calling her "Big" , him "Short" .
825 as 引导的定语从句的省略
The two forces , as shown in the figure below , are parallel .
826 由 if, when, though, as if 等引导的状语从句的省略
If so , we'll have to put the meeting off .
83? 倒装
831 在表示动作的简单句中, 为了表达生动有时把副词放在句首, 且把谓语动词放在主语之前。
Down flew the bat .
832 由连词 "not only...but also" 连接的并列句中，如果"not only" 放句首时, 则谓语动词
(或情态动词、助动词)前置。
Not only is this problem very important , but it is also difficult to solve at once .
833 由连词 "no sooner...than" 连接的并列句中，如果"no sooner" 放句首时，则谓语动词
(或情态动词、助动词)前置。
No sooner had she seen me than she ran off .
834 在用 nor 或 neither 表示“也不”的意思时, 其词序为:：nor(neither)+be (或 have 或助动词或
情态动词)+主语。
He did not drop any hint , nor did his secretary .
835 在用 so 表示“也这样”的意思时，其词序为:：so + be (或 have或助动词或情态动词)+主语
Their group has already fulfilled their quota , so has our group .
836 在以副词 only(只有)，never(从来不)，little(很少)等开头的句子中，联系动词或助动词置于
主语之前
Little did we suspect that the district was so rich in mineral resources .
84? 某些代词的用法与翻译
841 引导词 it 的用法
It is necessary to discuss this problem .
It turned out that we had a good harvest again that year .
We found it not difficult to translate it into English .
They felt it their duty helping others .
I think it impossible that he should have passed the exam .
842 that （包括 this, these, those）
This is a worker ; that is a peasant .
The volume of the sun is much larger than that of the earth .
They are the students that designed the new-type machine .
It is a well-known fact that heat is a form of energy .
I am glad that you have succeeded in the experiment .
This material is so light that it can float on water .
They started early in order that they could get to the station on time .
843 as 作为代词使用
Countries in the north of Europe, such as Finland , Norway and Swede , are all small countries .
The price is the same as before the war .
This machine , as we all can see , has stopped operating .
844 one
One can eat well there .
845 any, some, somebody, someone, something 等
Someone has come to see you .
846 all, each, few, little, another
Each should bring a story-book to class tomorrow .
847 both, either
I don't want both books .
You can read either of the two books .
848 指代
He took out his shoes and put them on .
85? 分离
851 分裂不定式，即在不定式记号"to"和动词原形之间插入一个副词
Our object is to further strengthen friendly relations between the two countries .
852 在复合句中,用来修饰名词的定语从句或分词短语不是紧接在该名词的后面
Another system may be found which is also consistent with the equation .
853 介词短语的分离
What are the molecules composed of ?
Where are you from ?
We all know what water consists of .
The computer is a useful tool which we often depend upon .
86? 虚拟语气
861 if 引导的虚拟条件从句
If I knew his name , I would tell you .
862 省略 if 的虚拟条件从句
Should he come , we should discuss the problem with him .
863 as if 或 as though 引导的方式状语从句
Electrons are able to act as if they were waves under certain conditions .
Electric current flows through a conductor as though it were a fluid .
864 某些动词后由 that 引导的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
The doctor suggested that he should go to the park every morning .
The teacher suggested he go over the lesson every day .
865 动词 wish 后的宾语从句中的虚拟语气
I wish he was here now . （现在）
I wish he had been here yesterday . （过去）
I wish you would come tomorrow . （将来）
866 其它虚拟语气
It's time we went .
87? 标点符号
871 圆括号
Bernard Shaw (who wrote many plays) died in 1950 .
872 引号
He said , "This is my pencil" .
873 逗号
She sent me some post-cards , a few books and an album of pictures .
874 破折号
Bernard Shaw---who wrote many plays---died in 1950 .
875 书名号
The novel Gone with the Wind is about the American Civil War .
9?? 长句的翻译
911 修饰语较多或较长的简单句
The conservation laws have enabled us to reach far-reaching conclusions concerning the stability of atoms , without resorting to any hypothesis about the conditions within the nucleus on the forces operative in it .
912 嵌套重数较多的复合句
He said that he would go with us if his mother did not come to see him until it was dark .
913 兼有并列或主从关系的并列复合句
The book I am reading is very interesting , because it describes a foreign country which I am familiar with .
